多孔材料 制备·应用·表征 英文【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1．General Introduction to Porous Materials1

1.1 Elementary Concepts for Porous Materials1

1.2 Main Groups of Porous Materials2

1.3 Porous Metals6

1.3.1 Powder-sintering type6

1.3.2 Fiber-sintering type8

1.3.3 Melt-casting type8

1.3.4 Metal-deposition type9

1.3.5 Directional-solidification type10

1.3.6 Composite type10

1.4 Porous Ceramics11

1.4.1 Classifying porous ceramics12

1.4.2 Characteristics of porous ceramics14

1.5 Polymer Foams15

1.5.1 Classifying polymer foams15

1.5.2 Characteristics of polymer foams17

1.6 Conclusions19

References19

2．Making Porous Metals21

2.1 Powder Metallurgy21

2.1.1 Preparation of metal powders22

2.1.2 Molding of the porous body28

2.1.3 Sintering of the porous body34

2.2 Fiber Sintering50

2.2.1 Preparation of metal fibers51

2.2.2 Preparation of porous bodies53

2.2.3 Electrode plate with porous metal fibers55

2.3 Metallic Melt Foaming57

2.3.1 Preparation of porous bodies57

2.3.2 Technical problems and solutions58

2.3.3 Case studies on porous aluminum preparation60

2.4 Gas Injection into the Metallic Melt61

2.5 Infiltration Casting65

2.6 Metal Deposition69

2.6.1 Vapor deposition69

2.6.2 Electrodeposition73

2.6.3 Reaction deposition83

2.7 Hollow Ball Sintering83

2.7.1 Preparation of hollow balls84

2.7.2 Preparation of porous bodies85

2.7.3 Fe-Cr alloy porous products86

2.8 Preparation of the Directional Porous Metal86

2.8.1 Solid-gas eutectic solidification86

2.8.2 Directional solidification89

2.9 Other Methods92

2.9.1 Powder melting foaming92

2.9.2 Investment casting95

2.9.3 Self-propagating,high-temperature synthesis(SHS)96

2.10 Preparation of Porous Metal Composites99

2.11 Special Processing of Porous Metals104

2.12 Concluding Remarks107

References108

3．Application of Porous Metals113

3.1 Introduction113

3.1.1 Functional applications113

3.1.2 Structural applications114

3.2 Filtation and Separation115

3.2.1 Industrial filtration116

3.2.2 Gas purification116

3.3 Sound Absorption120

3.3.1 Sound absorption mechanism of metal foams121

3.3.2 Influence factor of sound absorption123

3.3.3 Metal foam with improved sound absorption126

3.3.4 Applications128

3.3.5 The model for calculation of sound absorption coefficient130

3.4 Heat Exchange133

3.4.1 Heat exchanger134

3.4.2 Heat radiator135

3.4.3 Heat tube136

3.4.4 Resistance heater137

3.4.5 Composite phase transformation materials139

3.4.6 Cooling materials141

3.5 Porous Electrode141

3.5.1 Nickel foam143

3.5.2 Pb foam143

3.5.3 Fuel cell145

3.6 Application in Transportation146

3.6.1 Light structure147

3.6.2 Absorption of impact energy148

3.6.3 Noise control148

3.6.4 Other options149

3.7 Applications in Biology and latrology151

3.7.1 Applicability of materials151

3.7.2 Mechanical requirements153

3.7.3 Ti foam154

3.7.4 Ta and stainless steel foams157

3.7.5 Gradient structure and composite159

3.7.6 Mechanism of bone formation160

3.8 Other Applications162

3.8.1 Energy absorption and vibration control162

3.8.2 Electromagnetic shielding166

3.8.3 Fighting flames167

3.8.4 Mechanical parts168

3.8.5 Building materials171

3.8.6 Catalytic reactions172

3.9 Some Application Illustrations for Refractory Metal Porous Products176

3.9.1 W foam176

3.9.2 Ta foam178

3.9.3 Mo foam179

3.10 Concluding Remarks181

References182

4．Special Porous Metals189

4.1 Amorphous Metal Foams(AMFs)189

4.2 Gradient Porous Metals193

4.3 Porous Metallic Lattice Materials198

4.4 Nanoporous Metal Foams(NMFs)203

4.5 Porous Metallic Films and Thin Films Carried on Metal Foams215

4.5.1 Porous metallic films215

4.5.2 Thin films carried on metal foam216

4.6 Conclusions218

References219

5．Fabricating Porous Ceramics221

5.1 Particle Stacking Sintering222

5.2 Appending Pore-forming Agent223

5.2.1 Addition of pore-forming material in powders223

5.2.2 Slurry with pore-forming agent228

5.3 Polymeric Sponge Impregnation Process233

5.3.1 The selection of organic foam and the pretreatment234

5.3.2 Ceramic slurry preparation and impregnating234

5.3.3 Drying and sintering of green bodies238

5.3.4 Progress of organic foam impregnating in slurry239

5.3.5 The obtainment of the ceramic foam with high strength241

5.4 Foaming Process244

5.4.1 Green body foaming244

5.4.2 Slurry foaming246

5.4.3 Evaluation of the processing253

5.5 Sol-gel Method255

5.5.1 Different templates255

5.5.2 Example of preparation of porous ceramics256

5.6 New Processing of Porous Ceramics258

5.6.1 Gel casting258

5.6.2 Wood ceramics262

5.6.3 Freeze-drying method264

5.6.4 Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis(SHS)265

5.6.5 Hollow-sphere sintering266

5.6.6 Other processes268

5.7 The Preparation of New Types of Porous Ceramic270

5.7.1 Hydrophobic porous ceramics270

5.7.2 Ceramic foam with gradient pores271

5.7.3 Fiber-porous ceramics274

5.7.4 Slender porous ceramic tubes275

5.7.5 Porous ceramics with directionally arrayed pores277

5.7.6 Porous ceramic powder277

5.8 Preparation of Porous Ceramic Membranes278

5.8.1 Sol-gel279

5.8.2 Other methods280

5.8.3 Preparation examples for porous ceramic membranes281

5.8.4 A porous TiO2 film with submicropores283

5.9 Porous Ceramic Composites292

5.10 Ceramic Honeycombs295

5.11 Concluding Remarks296

References296

6．Applications of Porous Ceramics303

6.1 Filtration and Separation303

6.1.1 Filtration of molten metals304

6.1.2 Hot gas filtration310

6.1.3 Microfiltration311

6.1.4 Fluid separation312

6.1.5 Parameters of separation and filtration315

6.2 Functional Materials316

6.2.1 Biological materials316

6.2.2 Ecomaterials(Environmental materials)319

6.2.3 Heat insulation and exchange321

6.2.4 Sound absorption and damping322

6.2.5 Sensors(sensing elements)330

6.3 Chemical Engineering331

6.3.1 Catalyst carriers331

6.3.2 Porous electrodes and membranes333

6.3.3 Ion exchange and desiccants337

6.3.4 Gas introduction337

6.4 Combustion and Fire Retardance338

6.4.1 Combustor338

6.4.2 Flame arrester339

6.5 Overall Comments on the Application of Porous Ceramics339

6.6 Concluding Remarks341

References342

7．Producing Polymer Foams345

7.1 The Foaming Mechanism of Plastic Foam345

7.1.1 Raw materials345

7.1.2 Foaming methods352

7.1.3 Formation of bubble nuclei354

7.1.4 Growth of bubbles355

7.1.5 Stabilization and solidification of the foamed body357

7.1.6 The foaming of some plastics360

7.2 Molding Process for Polymer Foams361

7.2.1 Extrusion foaming361

7.2.2 Injection molding362

7.2.3 Pour foaming363

7.2.4 Mold pressing364

7.2.5 Reaction injection molding(RIM)364

7.2.6 Rotation foaming366

7.2.7 Hollow blowing366

7.2.8 Microwave sintering367

7.3 Flame-Retardant Polymer Foam367

7.3.1 Anti-flaming368

7.3.2 Common flame-retarding plastic foams369

7.4 Progress of Plastic Foam Preparation371

7.4.1 Modification of traditional foamed plastics372

7.4.2 Microcellular plastics373

7.4.3 Sound-absorbing plastic foams374

7.4.4 Biodegradable foamed plastics374

7.4.5 Reinforced foamed plastic375

7.4.6 Posttreatment of foamed plastics375

7.4.7 Plant oil-based plastic foams376

7.4.8 PU plastic foam377

7.5 Concluding Remarks378

References379

8．Applications of Polymer Foams383

8.1 Thermal Insulation Materials383

8.1.1 Factors affecting thermal insulation performance384

8.1.2 Thermal insulation and energy saving construction384

8.2 Packaging Materials385

8.3 Sound-Absorbing Materials387

8.3.1 Product features387

8.3.2 Sound absorption principles and mechanisms388

8.3.3 PU foam389

8.4 Separation and Enrichment389

8.4.1 Working principles390

8.4.2 Modification application391

8.4.3 Enrichment of organic poisonous matters393

8.5 Other Applications393

8.5.1 Dust arrestment393

8.5.2 Structural materials394

8.5.3 Fireproofing technology and active explosion suppression395

8.5.4 Buoyancy396

8.6 Applications of Typical Kinds of Polymer Foam396

8.6.1 Thermosetting polymer foams397

8.6.2 Thermoplastic general polymer foams399

8.6.3 Engineering thermoplastic foams401

8.6.4 High-temperature-resistant polymer foams(using temperatures higher than 200℃)402

8.6.5 Functional polymer foams402

8.6.6 Other polymer foams403

8.7 New,Functional Polymer Foams404

8.7.1 Microcellular plastics404

8.7.2 Magnetic polymer foams405

8.7.3 Porous,self-lubricating plastics406

8.8 Overall Application Review of Polymer Foams407

8.9 Conclusions407

References408

9．Characterization Methods:Basic Factors411

9.1 Porosity411

9.1.1 Basic mathematical relationship412

9.1.2 Microscopic analysis412

9.1.3 Mass-volume direct calculation413

9.1.4 Soaking medium414

9.1.5 Vacuum dipping416

9.1.6 Floating417

9.2 Pore Size419

9.2.1 Microscopic analysis420

9.2.2 Bubble method420

9.2.3 Penetrant method432

9.2.4 Gas permeation433

9.2.5 Liquid-liquid method437

9.2.6 Gas adsorption442

9.3 Pore Morphology447

9.3.1 Microobservation method447

9.3.2 X-Ray tomography448

9.3.3 Potential examination by DC of pore defects460

9.3.4 Other methods463

9.4 Specific Surface Area464

9.4.1 Gas adsorption method(BET method)464

9.4.2 Fluid penetrant method473

9.5 Mercury Intrusion Method475

9.5.1 Principle of mercury intrusion476

9.5.2 Measurement of pore size and distribution477

9.5.3 Measurement of specific surface area479

9.5.4 Measurement of apparent density and porosity480

9.5.5 Experimental instrument for mercury intrusion483

9.5.6 Measurement error analysis and treatment483

9.5.7 Scope of application487

9.5.8 Comparison of the different methods488

9.6 Concluding Remarks489

References490

10．Characterization Methods:Physical Properties493

10.1 Sound Absorption Coefficient493

10.1.1 Characterization of sound absorbability494

10.1.2 Measurement of the sound absorption coefficient495

10.1.3 Analysis and discussion505

10.2 Thermal Conductivity507

10.2.1 Characterization of thermal conductivity and diffusivity507

10.2.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity509

10.2.3 Measurement of thermal conductivity for porous materials514

10.2.4 Evaluation of performance521

10.3 Electrical resistivity/Electrical Conductivity523

10.3.1 Four-probe method523

10.3.2 Double bridge method524

10.3.3 Potentiometer method528

10.3.4 Eddy method529

10.4 Concluding Remarks531

References532

Index533