新编简明英语语言学教程 英文本【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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CHAPTER 1 Introduction1

1.1 What is linguistics?1

1.1.1 Definition1

1.1.2 The scope of linguistics2

1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics3

1.2 What is language?7

1.2.1 Definitions of language7

1.2.2 Design features9

Revision exercises11

CHAPTER 2 Phonology13

2.1 The phonic medium of language13

2.2 Phonetics14

2.2.1 What is phonetics?14

2.2.2 Organs of speech14

2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds——broad and narrow transcriptions16

2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds18

2.3 Phonology22

2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics22

2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone23

2.3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair25

2.3.4 Some rules in phonology26

2.3.5 Suprasegmental features——tress, tone, intonation28

Revision exercises31

CHAPTER 3 Morphology33

3.1 Morphology33

3.1.1 Open class and closed class33

3.1.2 Internal structure of words and rules for word formation34

3.2 Morphemes-the minimal units of meaning35

3.3 Derivational and inflectional morphemes35

3.4 Morphological rules of word formation37

3.5 Compounds38

Revision exercises40

CHAPTER 4 Syntax42

4.1 What is syntax?42

4.2 Categories42

4.2.1 Word-level categories42

4.2.2 Phrase categories and their structures45

4.3 Phrase structure rule46

4.3.1 XP rule46

4.3.2 X藟Theory47

4.3.3 Coordination rule48

4.4 Phrase elements49

4.4.1 Specifiers49

4.4.2 Complements49

4.4.3 Modifiers51

4.5 Sentences (The S rule)51

4.6 Transformations53

4.6.1 Auxiliary movement53

4.6.2 Do insertion56

4.6.3 Deep structure and surface structure57

4.6.4 Wh movement59

4.6.5 Move a and constraints on transformations63

Revision exercises64

CHAPTER 5 Semantics67

5.1 What is semantics?67

5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning68

5.2.1 The naming theory68

5.2.2 The conceptualist view68

5.2.3 Contextualism69

5.2.4 Behaviorism70

5.3 Lexical meaning71

5.3.1 Sense and reference71

5.3.2 Major sense relations72

5.4 Sense relations between sentences77

5.5 Analysis of meaning79

5.5.1 Componential analysis—— way to analyze lexical meaning79

5.5.2 Predication analysis—— way to analyze sentence meaning80

Revision exercises82

CHAPTER 6 Pragmatics84

6.1 Some basic notions84

6.1.1 Definition84

6.1.2 Pragmatics vs. Semantics85

6.1.3 Context85

6.1.4 Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning86

6.2 Speech act theory87

6.2.1 Austin's model of speech acts87

6.2.2 Searle's classification of speech acts89

6.3 Principle of conversation92

Revision exercises94

CHAPTER 7 Language Change95

7.1 introduction95

7.2 Sound Change95

7.3 Morphological and syntactic change96

7.3.1 Change in "agreement" rule96

7.3.2 Change in negation rule97

7.3.3 Process of simplification97

7.3.4 Loss of inflections97

7.4 Vocabulary change97

7.4.1 Addition of new words98

7.4.2 Loss of words101

7.4.3 Changes in meaning of words102

7.5 Some recent trends104

7.5.1 Moving towards greater informality104

7.5.2 The influence of American English104

7.5.3 The influence of science and technology105

7.6 Causes of language change106

Revision exercises109

CHAPTER 8 Language and Society111

8.1 The scope of sociolinguistics111

8.1.1 The relatedness between language and society111

8.1.2 Speech community and speech variety112

8.1.3 Two approaches to sociolinguistics studies113

8.2 Varieties of language113

8.2.1 dialectal varieties114

8.2.2 Register119

8.2.3 Degree of formality121

8.3 Standard dialect122

8.4 Pidgin and Creole123

8.5 Bilingualism and diglossia124

Revision exercises126

CHAPTER 9 Language and Culture127

9.1 Introduction127

9.2 What is culture?127

9.3 The relationship between language and culture128

9.4 Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis130

9.5 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences132

9.5.1 Greetings and terms of address132

9.5.2 Thanks and compliments133

9.5.3 Colour words134

9.5.4 Privacy and taboos135

9.5.5 Rounding off numbers136

9.5.6 Words and cultural-specific connotations137

9.5.7 Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors137

9.6 The significance of cultural teaching and learning138

9.7 Cultural overlap and diffusion139

9.8 Intercultural communication141

Revision exercises141

CHAPTER 10 Language Acquisition143

10.1 Introduction143

10.2 Theories of child language acquisition143

10.2.1 A behaviourist view of language acquisition144

10.2.2 An innatist view of language acquisition145

10.2.3 An interactionist view of language acquisition147

10.3 Cognitive factors in child language development148

10.4 Language environment and the Critical Period hypothesis150

10.5 Stages in child language development152

10.5.1 Phonological development152

10.5.2 Vocabulary development152

10.5.3 Grammatical development154

10.5.4 Pragmatic development156

10.6 Atypical development157

Revision exercises157

CHAPTER 11 Second Language Acquisition159

11.1 Introduction159

11.2 Connections between first language acquisition and second language acquisition159

11.3 Contrastive analysis161

11.4 Error analysis162

11.5 Interlanguage164

11.6 The role of native language in second language learning166

11.7 Second language learning models and input hypothesis167

11.8 Individual differences168

11.9 Second language acquisition and its pedagogical implications172

Revision exercises173

CHAPTER 12 Language and Brain175

12.1 Introduction175

12.2 Neurolinguistics175

12.2.1 What is neurolinguistics?175

12.2.2 The structure and function of the human brain176

12.2.3 Methods in the study of the brain and evidences for lateralization177

12.2.4 Aphasia180

12.3 Psycholinguistics183

12.3.1 What is psycholinguistics?183

12.3.2 Psycholinguistic research methods183

12.3.3 Linguistics and language processing188

12.3.4 Psycholinuistic modeling193

Revision exercises194

Bibliography195

Glossary198